A menstrual cycle lasts on average between 25 and 35 days. Within this physiological range, variations are often normal. However, changes in regularity, duration, or pattern may be clinically relevant and deserve attention and observation.
By systematically charting your cycle and associated symptoms, you gain insight into your personal cycle pattern. This helps you better distinguish normal variations from possible abnormalities, such as oligomenorrhea, polymenorrhea, or a persistently irregular cycle pattern.
The menstrual cycle consists of three consecutive phases, regulated by a carefully coordinated interaction between brain and ovarian hormones, known as the HPO axis. These hormonal fluctuations influence not only the ovaries and uterus, but the entire body. They can affect energy levels, temperature regulation, mood, and physical sensations.
In this way, the menstrual cycle forms an interconnected physiological process in which different body systems are closely linked through hormonal regulation.
1. Follicular phase
The cycle begins with menstruation, during which the uterine lining is shed. Estrogen and progesterone levels are low, which may be associated with lower energy levels.
In the ovary, an egg begins to mature within a follicle. This follicle produces estrogens, preparing the body for a possible pregnancy: the uterine lining thickens and cervical mucus changes. Estrogen gradually rises, and many women experience more energy, mental clarity, and an improved overall sense of well-being.
2. Ovulatory phase
An LH surge triggers the release of the egg. During this phase, a woman may observe a typical vaginal discharge for several days: cervical mucus. Under the influence of estrogen from the mature follicle, this mucus becomes thinner, clearer, and more elastic.
This mucus helps sperm pass through the cervix and can nourish them and prolong their survival. This change is often clearly recognizable because the mucus feels and looks different from other moments in the cycle.
This is the most fertile phase of the cycle and is often accompanied by a feeling of increased vitality.
3. Luteal phase
After ovulation, the follicle changes into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. This hormone further prepares the body for a possible pregnancy by supporting the uterine lining and closing the cervix.
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum disappears, hormone production drops, and the uterine lining is shed — the new cycle begins.
By understanding and carefully observing bodily signals, or “biomarkers,” relevant deviations can be recognized early and treated if necessary.